Harry Frankfurt s Arguments For The Compatibilism Of...

In this paper, I will consider Harry Frankfurt s arguments for the compatibilism of determinism and freedom of will, as presented in Freedom of Will and the Concept of Person and some problems that arise with his reasoning. I will claim that those problems do not come from any propositions central to Frankfurt s argument, but rather from his neglect of the issue of the relationship between freedom of will and moral responsibility. I will argue, that Frankfurt makes an invalid implicit assumption that the connection between freedom and responsibility is biconditional. I will also claim that if this mistake is corrected, Frankfurt s argument can be made immune to some criticisms commonly presented in response to it. Frankfurt begins with several crucial definitions. First, he defines first-order desires as desires to act, and second-order desires as desires to want. He then defines an agent s will (or a first-order volition) as a first-order desire upon which the agent eventually acts, and an agent s second-order volition as a desire that some first-order desire become the agent s will. Frankfurt defines a person as an agent who has second-order volitions, as opposed to a wanton - an agent (possibly rational) which has no second-order volitions. Frankfurt defines freedom of will as an ability to bring one s will into correspondence with one s second-order volitions. He then proceeds to show that freedom of will, defined in this way, is in no wayShow MoreRelatedThe View That Determinism Is Not Incompatible With Free Will3559 Words   |  15 PagesMichael Colon Dr. Buchholz, D. Introduction to Philosophy I 11/01/2014 Compatibilism: Discussion and concerns Compatibilism is defined as â€Å"the view that determinism is not incompatible with free will.† In this holding, if determinism were valid, a person still has free will. One of the initial forms of compatibilism is the holding that to be imbued with free will â€Å"is simply for one’s choice to cause one’s actions. Free will is basically doing what one wants; in the example of Hume, free will is basicallyRead More The Free Will Debate Essay2989 Words   |  12 PagesThe unique ability that each and every individual possesses that enable him/her to control their actions is known as free will. Free will is directly connected to two other vital philosophical issues: freedom of action and moral accountability, which is the main reason why the debate is so vital. Simply stated, a person who has free will refers to an individual’s ability to choose his or her route of action. However, animals also appear to suit this measure, further adding to the debate beca use free

Poverty Reduction in Uganda Free Essays

string(19) " 365 in 1992 to 0\." Name: Nguyen, Thi Hai Yen Student ID: 2012470037 Subject: Special topic in international development: African economics and politic Topic: Uganda – The bright in poverty reduction for other Sub – Saharan African countries Uganda is a landlocked and relative small country in East Africa. After independence in 1962, Uganda experienced a decade of relative political and economic stability before 15 years struggling under the power of Idi Amin who lead the country to conflict and reduced country to a failed state and a collapsed economy. It stopped by 1986, when Yoweri Museveni took power brought a period of sustained economic and political renewal to Uganda. We will write a custom essay sample on Poverty Reduction in Uganda or any similar topic only for you Order Now Uganda is a relative rich of natural resources including fertile soils, regular rainfall, small deposits of copper, gold, and other minerals, and recently discovered oil. Just like other African countries, export of Uganda heavily depends on coffee with 63 per cent of total export revenues of the country. Uganda has been a bright point in Sub – Saharan Africa by being the first country in the region to embark on liberalization and pro-market policies in the late 1980s. Thanks to the right policies, the government has maintained a stable macroeconomic environment and sustained private sector-oriented reforms that graduated Uganda into a mature reformer in 2006. GDP growth accelerated from an average of 6. 5 per cent per year in the 1990s to over 7 per cent during the 2000s. Together with the sustained economic growth in the past two decade, Uganda enabled substantial poverty reduction and some progress towards Millennium Development Goals (MDG). Although other MDGs such as achieving universal primary education, reducing child mortality rates, improving maternal health, combating HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases have been slow, the first goal of poverty reduction has been achieved successfully in Uganda. In 2009/2010, Uganda surpassed the 2015 MDG of halving the 56. 4 per cent poverty rate recorded in 1992/1993 to 24. 5 per cent. However, in 2011, at a per capita income at 500 USD or 1300 USD in PPP, ranked 203 in the world, Uganda remains a very poor country and far from the middle income status it aspires to achieve in one eneration. This paper therefore reviews the economic background of Uganda; examines the trends and patterns of poverty; the government strategies to reduce poverty and concludes with challenges in sustaining the poverty reduction achievement and policy recommendations. Economic background Table 1. Sectoral contributions to GDP and Growth Rates in Uganda (from 2001-2010) As can be seen from table 1, U ganda remained high growth rate during the period from 2001-2009 with 7. 9 per cent in average before cool down by 5. per cent in 2010 and 4. 3 per cent in 2011 because of the reduce of demand from the main export markets of Uganda, especially the USA and European countries since the world recession.. In terms of structure, Ugandan economy has a modern structure in which GDP is attributed largest from the services sector, follow by the industrial sector and least by the agricultural sector. However, in fact, agriculture is the main sector of the economy, employing over 82 per cent of the work force even it contributed only 22 per cent of GDP (2011). The budget deficit has improved by reducing gradually from 10. 2 per cent of GDP on average during 2000 – 2004 to 7. 9 per cent of GDP on average during 2005-2008 and reached 5. 9 per cent of GDP in 2011. Uganda remained high domestic investment rate at 23. 9 per cent of GDP, thus kept the national debt rate at a safety rate compare to other countries. However, after a decade remained one digit number of inflation, the consumer prices in the country became worse in 2011 at 18. 7 per cent in 2011. Economic development has been made as the most important priority of Ugandan government and the economic policy is focusing on the private sector, attracting foreign direct investment, improving access to world markets and on achieving relief from excessive debt. Therefore, it has adopted a number of policy initiatives to jump-start the economy, including the National Development Plan which is the master development plan; Plan for the Modernization of Agriculture, the Medium Term Competitiveness Strategy for the Private Sector, the Competitiveness and Investment Climate Strategy, the Poverty Eradication Action Plan among others. The trends and patterns of poverty in Uganda Table 2: Number and percent of Ugandans that are absolutely poor, insecure non-poor and middle class (from 1992-2010). Table 3: The characteristics of poor, insecure non-poor and middle-class households Table 4: Inequality based on the Gini coefficient (from 1992-2010). Source: UNHS various years and IHS 1992/3 Table 2 indicates that during the 1990s, the proportion of Ugandans whose incomes below the poverty line fell dramatically from 56. 4 per cent in 1992 to 33. 8 per cent in 2000. It meant there were 2. 5 million of Ugandan people escaped from absolute poverty within 8 years; they moved to the group of non – poor but insecure which increased significantly by 10. 5 per cent. During 1990s, the per cent of middle class in Uganda also rose sharply from 10. 2 per cent to 22. 4 per cent. The middle class own more household assets, are much more educated and spend more money in education rather than on food items like the poor. The key reason of these trends was increase in average income, rather than by redistribution in society. Income inequality was basically decreased from 1992 to 1997, but increased thereafter; the Gini coefficient was between 0. 37 and 0. 35 until 1997, but rose to 0. 39 in 2000. After 2000s, Uganda did not remain the success which was achieved in the previous decade, when the proportion of people lived with 1. 25$ a day rose by 5 per cent from 2000 to 2003, meanwhile the inequality also increased which measure by the GINI coefficient rose from 0. 365 in 1992 to 0. You read "Poverty Reduction in Uganda" in category "Essay examples" 428 in 2003, and in urban area the inequality was more clear and increased faster than rural area. The trends were mainly driven by the slowdown of the economic when the GDP growth rate dropped from 8. 5 per cent in 2001 to 6. 5 per cent in 2003 and the agriculture sector which employed majority of the workforce was disappointing when the growth rate fell dramatically by 5 per cent during that period, while the service sector decreased slightly and the industry sector even performed well (according to table 1). The slowdown in agriculture relative to other sectors tended to increase inequality in this period, both because the poor are concentrated in agriculture and the share f labor in the incomes of other sectors may be quite small. The reasons for the recent patterns include a slowdown in agricultural growth during the last three years, declines in farmers’ prices reflecting world market conditions, insecurity, high population growth rate and morbidity related to HIV/AIDS. The trends of poverty in Uganda changed differently in the next period from 2002 to 2010 compare to the previous time; the poverty proportion fell sharply and surpassed the first goal of 2015 MDGs of halving the 56. per cent poverty rate recorded in 1992/1993 to 24. 5 per cent. Uganda became the first country in Sub- Saharan Africa countries achieved the first goal of MDGs before due date of 2015. However, together with this achievement, the inequality in the country rose which measured by the increase of GINI coefficient from 0. 408 in 2005 to 0. 426 in 2010. It seem easy to explain those two diverse trends because of the growth of economic also lead to the rising of income inequality even in the country who have good social welfare system. The middle class of the country also reached one third of the population in 2010 who was claimed that benefited from small business rather than agriculture sector. The emergence of the middle class will lead to greater spending power and, the ability to invest in the future represents an opportunity to accelerate the socioeconomic transformation process. However, the insecure non poor (42. 9 percent) are another group requiring specific attention, while the fight against absolute poverty continues for 24. percent of Ugandans. Ugandan government’s strategies to reduce poverty Uganda is among the very few countries which surpassed the MDGs before 2015, especially in Sub- Saharan region. As mentioned above, over the last 20 years, Ugandan government has implemented a number of policies to jump-start the economy and it has been worked well and lead to the relative high and sustained economic growth rate as well as eradicating significantly the poverty. Among those policies, there were two main programs geared towards reducing poverty which were the Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP), Plan for the Modernization of Agriculture (PMA). First, the PEAP was adopted in 1997 as the framework for addressing the key poverty challenges. The plan was made to range the public policies and interventions relevant to poverty reduction. It was highly participatory with the central and local government, the donors, non – government organizations, civil society and economic scholars. The plan was succeeded because it was implemented by the government’s budget and a medium – term spending framework. Right after the adoption of PEAP, the public expenditures on basic services were significantly increased in 1997. One part of Ugandan government’s budget for PEAP came from the assistance of World Bank and International Monetary Fund to help the low – incomes countries develop poverty reduction strategies. The PEAP was revised twice in 2000 and in 2005. The latest version was launched in 2005 which aimed at contributing towards transforming Uganda into a middle-income country. The PEAP was based on five pillars: (1) economic management: aims to sustained relative high growth rate by facilitate to investment; improve infrastructure; modernization and commercialization of agriculture, with emphasis on value-addition; improve rural access to finance and to strengthen SMEs; focus on HIV prevalence reduction; (2) Enhancing production, competitiveness and incomes; (3) Security, conflict-resolution and disaster management; (4) Good Governance; (5) human development to strengthen the human resources by improving education system and social health care system in order to improve sanitation, community mobilization, family planning and reduce malaria, HIV/AIDS; improve the water supply in urban and rural areas and increase the role of private sector. In implement of the PEAP, the central government was responsible for ensuring a basic framework of legality, rights and freedom, nondiscrimination among citizens and intervening in the economy to promote economic efficiency, equity and growth, meanwhile the private sector played the key and active role in investment; the private sector is responsible for the majority of productive investment and it supports public goods for altruistic, cultural or prestige reasons; civil society works free from the government to handle to advocacy for the interests of groups who might otherwise be neglected; support conflict resolution and finance service in sectors not covered by the government; and the donors plays important role in providing financing public expenditure. Second, Uganda’s Plan for Modernization of Agriculture, PMA, was issued in 2000, and it has been implemented since 2001. The PMA is an integral part of the strategies of the PEAP, and contributes directly to two of the four overarching PEAP goals: (1): rapid and sustainable economic growth and structural transformation, and (3): increased ability of the poor to raise their incomes. The PMA is a framework which sets out the strategic vision and principles upon which interventions to address poverty eradication through transformation of the agricultural sector can be developed. The vision of the PMA is poverty eradication through a profitable, competitive, sustainable and dynamic agricultural and agro-industrial sector. Rural poverty is seen to be best addressed through promoting the commercialization of agriculture, and in particular providing a coordinating framework for support services and public goods in rural areas. The PMA core document sets out these principles, but also identifies priorities for interventions and activities in the form of seven pillars, to be implemented by various government ministries and local government, and a non-sectoral conditional grant. The PMA identifies seven pillars where priority actions are recommended. These are: (1) research and technology, (2) national agricultural advisory services, (3) agricultural education, (4) improving access to rural finance, (5) agro-processing and marketing, (6) sustainable natural resource utilization and management and (7) physical infrastructure. These two above key programs succeeded in helping Uganda surpass the poverty reduction goal in MDGs. However, Uganda is still very poor country and is still faced with many challenges from internal as well as external factors. Thus, the Ugandan government has launched a new policy framework, the National Development Plan as a response to the success of the PEAP in poverty reduction. It continues the vision of poverty eradication and more focus on economic transformation, wealth creation and equally distribution; in order to transform Uganda society from a peasant to a modern and prosperous country within 30 years. Due to the limitation, this paper just analyzes the two main programs which helped reduce poverty from 56. 4 per cent in 1992 to 24. 5 in 2010 and briefly introduces the new strategies of Ugandan government in the next period. Conclusion and recommendations What Uganda economy has achieved is outstanding among Sub-Saharan Africa region, however, Uganda is still among the poorest countries in the world, the income per capital ranked 203 in 2011 and the inequality has been raising which means majority Ugandans still live in bad and vulnerable condition. 0% of the workforce is working in agricultural sector which contributed only 22% of GDP and the sector easily get negative impacts from climate conditions or the reduce term of trade. Therefore, the Ugand an government needs to take action to sustain the poverty reduction, create more equal opportunities for citizens and improve economic performance. The country could learn from experiences of South Korea, which experienced one of the most dramatic declines in absolute poverty that the world has seen. Compare to South Korea in 1960 when South Korea started its industrialization, Uganda economy at present is in a better status. At that time, South Korea was destroyed by the Korean War, high absolute poverty rate, in the 1950s the majority of Korean people lived in absolute poverty. Even as late as the mid-1960s, between 60-70 per cent of the population was estimated to be living in poverty. The area of Uganda is about 2. 4 times bigger than South Korea with relative rich natural resources. Moreover, the official language of Uganda is English which is very useful and easy to do business abroad. Thanks to the economic transformation, since early 1960s, Korea has been able to achieve rapid growth with equity, and by the mid-1990s, the absolute poverty had dramatically declined to levels as low as 3. 4 percent of the population. Indeed, by 1999, the Korean averages for poverty in single person households was comparable to other OECD countries. There are number of lessons that Uganda can learn from South Korea on its development path: fully utilize the foreign aid which highly supports government expenditure for education, improving health care system, infrastructure†¦; encourage domestic savings and private domestic investment; the government intervention needs to be active and relevant to create stable macroeconomic with a favorable environment for private investment; growth with job-creation, initially led by labor intensive export promotion; highly invest in developing human capital especially primary and secondary education for better – educated labor force; create favorable environment for foreign direct investment with careful collective technology which can spillover to help develop the domestic industry later on†¦ In brief, human capital and technology should be more focus to achieve growth in the long run. Being a latecomer, Uganda has chance to learn from successful economic development model, but the model should be modified to adapt the situation of the country and avoid failures of the early comers. References CIA World Fact book (2011), Uganda, https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ug. html, accessed on 7th October. International Monetary Fund (2005), â€Å"Uganda- Poverty reduction strategy paper†, IMF country paper No 05/307. International Monetary Fund (2010), â€Å"Uganda- Poverty reduction strategy paper†, IMF country paper No 10/41. Government of the Republic of Uganda, â€Å"Plan for modernization of agriculture: eradicating poverty in Uganda†. Jeffrey Henderson, David Hulme, Richard Phillips, and Eun Mee Kim (2002), â€Å"Economic governance and poverty reduction in South Korea†. John Mackinnon, Ritva Reinikka (2000), â€Å"Lessons from Uganda on strategies to fight poverty†. Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development (2012), Ugandan government, â€Å"Poverty status report†. The World Bank, â€Å"Uganda: Country at a glance†, http://www. worldbank. org/en/country/uganda, accessed on 7th October. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. The World Bank: http://www. worldbank. org/en/country/uganda. [ 2 ]. Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development (2012), Ugandan government, â€Å"Poverty status report†. [ 3 ]. 4 CIA World Fact book 2011: https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ug. tml [ 5 ]. Uganda: Poverty reduction strategies paper, IMF country paper (2005). [ 6 ]. Uganda: Poverty reduction strategies paper, IMF country paper (2005). [ 7 ]. John Mackinnon, Ritva Reinikka (2000), â€Å"Lessons f rom Uganda on strategies to fight poverty†. [ 8 ]. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark (2005). [ 9 ]. Government of the Republic of Uganda, â€Å"Plan for modernization of agriculture: eradicating poverty in Uganda†. [ 10 ]. Uganda: Poverty reduction strategies paper, IMF country paper No 10/41 (2010). [ 11 ]. Jeffrey Henderson, David Hulme, Richard Phillips, and Eun Mee Kim (2002), â€Å"Economic governance and poverty reduction in South Korea†. How to cite Poverty Reduction in Uganda, Essay examples

HR Role in Health Sector-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Disucss about the HR's Role in Creating Sustainable Organizations. Answer: Introduction The importance of the HR department in an organization cannot be emphasized enough. The human resource department is responsible for managing people who are the most significant asset of the organization. It also accounts for almost three-quarters of the company's budget (Jiang et al., 2012). With a properly managed workforce, the result is an enthused and satisfied workforce that delivers health services of a high standard in the health sector thus enabling it to accomplish its mission, provide health care, and improve its competitive advantage. Thesis Statement This report's objective is to determine the role of HR in creating sustainable organizations. Furthermore, this study examines a case study of a hospital in Australia that lacks the HR department with an objective of providing an in-depth understanding of the significance of HR to the sustainability of an organization. Recommendations the CEO of the Hospital for Possible Course of Action towards the Improvement of The HRM Operation In order to improve the operation of HRM at the hospital the CEO should first have a dedicated HRM department with a professional HR manager and officials, modify the HR perspective, align HR and Business objectives, monitor HR and exercise control. Dedicated HR Department Strategic human resource management is the process of associating the HR function with the strategic goals of the organization to increase performance (Daley, 2012). The hospital CEO should adopt the HR department for it mainly exists for this reason among others which include evaluation of HR policies, team building, assists in monitoring progress, and keeps the organization legal. Assists in Evaluation Of HR Policies According to Cohen, Taylor, and Muller-Camen, (2012), The HR policies in the organization ensure a better workplace environment and healthy employee relations to each other and with the organization towards the achievement of a sustainable business. The department of HR is responsible for the daily implementation of the policies and the revision of the ones that are outdated and do not align with the mission of the organization. Therefore, the CEO of the hospital should work towards creating a dedicated HR department to deal with the issues of inconsistent application of the HR policies and practices. Team Building. According to Hendry, (2012) the HRM department aids to initiate a sense of team spirit and friendship with the hospital. The success of the mission of the hospital is dependent upon stakeholders, the management, employees, and patients. Therefore, a department acts as a link to open communication among these groups. Such an action will address the issues of staff grievances; turn over, staff shortages and industrial strikes which are affecting the hospital. Assists In Monitoring Progress. The human resource department helps in monitoring of the organizations progress towards the achievement of its laid down objectives and goals in the strategic plan. Over half of the strategic plan is dependent on the cooperation and assistance of the workers and departments within the organization (Snell et al., 2015). The HR department is crucial in making sure that all of these elements of the strategic plan are executed efficiently and in time. Therefore, by the CEO taking an action of creating an HR department will improve the operation of HRM. Keeps The Organization Legal Bratton and Gold, (2012) notes that the HR department significantly contributes to the compliance of the organization with the laws associated with the remuneration, insurance, etc. of the employees. The legislation and policies that govern organizations are complex and vary a lot, but the HR department is not only significant in ensuring that the organizations objectives and plans are legal but also flexible to adapt to changing legal circumstances. Modify the HR Perspective The CEO should first start by changing his/her view of the HR department. The CEO should adopt thinking towards HR that is more than a department that has no significant role in the performance of the hospital other than payroll management. The HR department is also responsible for administrative duties besides processing of the payment. Align HR and Hospital Objectives After adopting the HR department, The CEO should set goals to the office that agree with the vision of the hospital and improve the quality of service offered to patients. For instance, the mission of the hospital is to provide quality health care services to its patients; therefore, the objectives to set for the HR department include employee retention and training development. onitor HR and Maintain Control Now with an existing HR department, the CEO can go forward and ensure that its activities are in tandem with mission and objective of the hospital. For example, the hospital can monitor whether the level of employee turnover, quality of patient care and safety, level of staff retention and morale has changed for the better since empowering the HR department. Significant Features of Building a Sustainable HR Capability According to the Brundtland Commission (1987), Sustainability is the ability to to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. The pressures from regulations and the society have increased the environmental and social responsibility for organizations thus necessitation the emphasis on sustainability. Therefore a sustainable organization can be described as one that contributes economic, social and environmental paybacks to the society and at the same time achieving the long-term sustainability of the organization. The key features of a sustainable HR capability are as outlined below: Recruiting and Retaining Best Talent Kroezen et al., (2015) based on their study argues that Organizations can only succeed in the long-term if they hire and motivate workers who have the ability to respond to and shape the future challenges. Such people are those that can create competitive advantage from the available opportunities that the different market presents, are interested in learning from the consumers, suppliers and colleagues, and who can develop and power long-term and efficient relationships. Establishing Incentives for Outstanding Performance Bal et al., (2012) asserts that the primary source of motivation for employees is an intricate blend of rewards. These can be informed of financial security and bonuses, promotion, recognition of peers, etc. the difficult standard task for HR managers is to come up with the opportunities and incentives that maximize the input of workers to corporate performance (Boselie, 2010). The objective is to motivate the employees to learn on a continuous basis to bring value to the company by improving the overall adaptive capacity of the organization to variations of the environment in which the organization operates. Developing Critical Competencies Organizations ought to develop the skills of its employees on a continuous basis as a way of responding to the evolving demands of clients, investors and the society. The clarification of the required competencies to deliver the strategy of the company as well as to keep up with the different competitive forces is the arduous task of the HR manager. The means of developing these competencies include official training programs, mentoring, peer learning, or participating in community projects (Ulrich et al., 2012). Conclusion This report's goal has been to examine the role of HR in creating sustainable organizations with a case study of a hospital with 400 staff members dispersed across its branches in Australia. The challenges affecting the health sector are examined and appropriate recommendations made. From the study, it was apparent that the hospital is not accomplishing its main work which is to offer quality healthcare to its patients while maintaining a vibrant workforce. The problems it's facing are as a result of the absence of the HR department and manager to oversee the day to day running of the organization alongside the implementation of the policies of the hospital towards providing a healthy working environment for the staff and quality service for the patients. The HR is crucial towards creating sustainable organizations. References Bal, P. M., De Jong, S. B., Jansen, P. G., Bakker, A. B. (2012). Motivating employees to work beyond retirement: A multi?level study of the role of I?deals and unit climate.Journal of Management Studies,49(2), 306-331. Boselie, P. (2010). High performance work practices in the health care sector: a Dutch case study.International Journal of Manpower,31(1), 42-58. Bratton, J., Gold, J. (2012).Human resource management: theory and practice. (5th Ed.).London: Palgrave Macmillan. Brundtland Commission. (1987). Our Common Future: The World Commission on Environment and Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cohen, E., Taylor, S., Muller-Camen, M. (2012). HRMs role in corporate social and environmental sustainability.SHRM report. Daley, D. M. (2012). Strategic human resources management.Public Personnel Management, 120-125. Hendry, C. (2012).Human resource management. London: Routledge. Jiang, K., Lepak, D. P., Hu, J., Baer, J. C. (2012). How does human resource management influence organizational outcomes? A meta-analytic investigation of mediating mechanisms.Academy of management Journal,55(6), 1264-1294. Retrieved from: https://amj.aom.org/content/55/6/1264.full Kroezen, M., Dussault, G., Craveiro, I., Dieleman, M., Jansen, C., Buchan, J., ... Sermeus(2015). Recruitment and retention of health professionals across Europe: a literature review and multiple case study research.Health Policy,119(121517-1528. Snell, S. A., Morris, S. S., Bohlander, G. W. (2015).Managing human resources. (7th Ed.). Nelson Educ the future of human resources. New York. McGraw-Hill Education

Challenges Faced by the Radiation Therapist-myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theChallenges Faced by the Radiation Therapist. Answer: Introduction: One of the greatest revolutions to the health care industry had been introduction of the radiation therapy into the treatment procedures. In simple terms, the medical radiation can be defined as the use of the radiation technology to perform complicated digital imaging on the patients to obtain better understanding of the abnormalities that the patients are facing. This particular treatment innovation uses radiations like x rays, g rays, and many more for the digital imaging of the patient body. Other than that this technology is also used for the purpose of providing radiation treatment to the patients that are suffering from cancer (Sim Radloff, 2009). Hence, the importance of radiation in the medical sciences and the clinical practice settings are diverse, hence the profession of radiation therapist is also extremely popular, and that is the reason why more and more students opt for a career in the radiation therapy. However there are a number of different challenges that are a part of a career as radiation therapists which continues to influence the professional development and experience of the radiation therapist (Solberg et al., 2012). This section of the assignment will explore the challenges that the radiation therapists face in their professional practice and provide a set of recommendations to overcome these challenges. Challenges faced by the radiation therapists: One of the greatest challenges that the radiation therapists encounter in their professional career is the low self esteem they associate with their profession. The contributing factor behind this challenge in the profession of radiation science is due to the fact that the concept of medical radiation science is still very novel to the world, and very few have the understanding to recognise the importance of medical radiation professionals. According to the Sim Radloff, 2009, the emerging group of aspiring medical radiation professionals continue to struggle to find their niche with a recognized and appreciated profession, in comparison to a career in mainstream medical science or physiotherapy. It has to be understood that this professional domain has still not been discovered in a manner that will facilitate radiation therapy as an honourable and suitable profession (Sim Radloff, 2009). Along with that, the social outlook of the very subject imparts a significant effect on the re ception of this occupation as a career choice. According to the SC, 2012, a very significant part of the society overestimate the dangers associated with radiation therapy and a vast majority of the society lack adequate knowledge of radiation therapy and how it is administered. It contributes largely to the lack of recognition and appreciation that the medical radiation therapists are subjected to. As a result, the radiation therapists face extreme lack of enthusiasm and connection to their profession and do not exhibit desire to improve their professional competencies (SC, 2012). Many of the research scientists have recognised one of the major reasons behind the lack of optimal professional approach in any occupation due to the professional apathy that they suffer with. According to authors, the low public profile of the particular profession contributes largely to the widespread apathy in medical radiation sciences as a profession that in turn contributes to aggravate the low self esteem of radiation therapists. As a result the radiation therapists rarely want to move out of their comfort zone while in clinical practice and it in turns limits their scope of professional development and disrupts the optimal care provided to the patients (Marks et al., 2013). According to the study of Washington Leaver, (2015) the radiation therapist needs to focus on the psychosocial needs of the patients dealing with the chronic illness. In this aspect may professionals have been found to fail in delivering the psychosocial care. There is a greater focus laid on the technical part of the job. There is poor assessment or monitoring of the patients psychological needs or provision of the support to the patients and their families especially those with low health literacy (Smith et al., 2013). In some cases its leads to failure in establishing therapeutic relationships with the patients. The factor that causes this challenge is the lack of training and development facilities for the radiotherapy professionals. Several hospitals and clinics in the remote or rural areas do not give the professionals the opportunity for transition into administration, education and industry. Chite et al. (2015), argued that radiation therapist may be warm and compassionate b ut addressing the patients queries and responding to the unusual reactions of the patients during treatment is the skill. This requires the therapist to seek training and education programs to address the psychological needs of patients. Job burnout is the other major challenge faced by the radiotherapist when providing the health care to the cancer patients. This profession requires pairing of therapists in the treatment room. It may lead to stress and confusion, when the both therapists are not in same page in regards to use of specific treatment methods. Lack of effective communication among the team members further hampers care process (Diggens Chesson, 2014). The treatment in many cases is effected when the radiation beam is not accurately focusedon the specific part of the patients body. Some types of treatments are indeed a challenge, as they require infinite practice. This leads to job burnout among the radiation therapists and prevents professional growth (Paulson et al., 2015). In similar paper by Zietman (2014) it was highlighted that stress among the radiation therapy professionals depend on the patient load, work place and the management. How well the department work as a team determines the care delivered by the professional. This negatively affects the professionals and the practice. There is also lack of culture of safety in many health organisations. Health care provision in a workplace environment that lacks trust among the department members, lack of review or tracking of the event and lack of standard operating procedure are other factors that negatively impacts the profession. On the other hand, proper definition of the roles and responsibilities leads to effective care and it positively affects the profession. Ability to establish the patient centred care helps to build the therapeutic relationship with the clients. It positively impacts the profession as it increases the self-esteem and morale of the professionals. Good quality control audits a nd regulations lead to positive clinical health outcomes. The study by Marshall et al. (2017) mentioned that physical and emotional wear faced by the therapists causes further challenges. For example, positioning of the equipments and lifting of the patients during the care provision causes leg or back injuries. The part of the profession includes exposure to the radiation inspire of the safety measures. This may significantly harm the professionals health. Any harm caused to patient leads to lawsuits and negative repercussions on the career of the professionals Recommendations: It has to be understood, that radiation sciences have become an integral part of the clinical practice, and without the assistance of the radiation technology, the revolutionary innovations in the health care industry will remain incomplete. The patients will cease from obtaining the benefits of the radiation therapy integrated into the treatment procedures. However, the challenges prevalent in the radiation therapy as a profession, continues to hinder the progress of this division within the medical sciences. However a course of strategic steps taken to improve the situation of radiation science in the health care industry can overcome the challenges that complicate the career path for a radiation therapist (Liauw, Connell Weichselbaum, 2013). First and foremost, there is an absolute need for recognition in the health care industry and for the radiation therapy as a profession. Unlike the doctors and nurses, the career profile for the radiation therapists are not as recognised, and the very first strategic recommendation should be centred on improving the career profile of the medical radiation therapists (Marks et al., 2011). The second strategy should focus on expansion of the job role that medical radiation therapists are assigned. It has to be understood that an essential element of professional growth in any occupation is associated with scope for the job roles to be extended. Hence, many authors suggest CPD participation and job role expansion can prove to be exceptional strategic action to improve the professional loyal and wellbeing of the radiation therapists (Zaidi El Naqa, 2010). Another very important strategy that the present scenario under consideration can employ is skill enhancement and professional knowledge expansion. A most important aspect of continuous career growth is the consistent skill and knowledge development which will allow the radiation therapists to understand their job roles better and connect with the patients better. A very important aspect in any profession is the ability to meet the job requirements, and with continuous skill development the radiation therapists will be able to perform better psychological assessment of the patients and improve professional competence as well (Payne et al., 2013). In order to decrease the burnout experienced by the radiation therapists, the most plausible strategy would be to increase the staffing ratio, as excessive workload often results in decreased professionalism and competencies. Along with that a supportive and compassionate workplace culture can also help in minimizing the impact of excessive burnout on the radiation therapists (Mund Lyko, 2010). The last but most influential strategy in this context is incorporating mutual respect and communication in the team environment. It has to be understood that the health care system in the present day performs as a multidisciplinary team, and each and every member of the team should be respected and communicated with equally. Incorporating mutual respect and communication in the team environment will boost self confidence and sense of value in the radiation therapists which will help them propel towards professional growth as well (Payne et al., 2013). Conclusion: On a concluding note, it can be concluded that despite the revolutionary technological advancements in the health care industry, there still are a number of deep rooted challenges that complicate the career path for the more contemporary professional entities. The radiation science is not an exception to this scenario as well. There are a huge number of challenges that are associated with practice in the clinical setting as a radiation therapists, and that is a major contributing factor in the extreme staffing demands in the health care facilities. A large proportion of radiation therapists abandon their careers halfway not being able to overcome the challenges and hurdles that are prevalent in the health care industry for a radiation therapist. However, with strategic actions these challenges can be overcome and the career path for radiation therapists can be improved drastically. References: Chite Asirwa, F., Greist, A., Busakhala, N., Rosen, B., Loehrer Sr, P. J. (2015). Medical education and training: Building in-country capacity at all levels.Journal of Clinical Oncology,34(1), 36-42. Diggens, J., Chesson, T. (2014). Do factors of emotion-focussed patient care and communication impact job stress, satisfaction and burnout in radiation therapists?.Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice,13(1), 4-17. Guerra, J. L. L., Isa, N., Kim, M. M., Bourgier, C., Marsiglia, H. (2012). New perspectives in radiation oncology: young radiation oncologist point of view and challenges. Reports of Practical Oncology Radiotherapy, 17(5), 251-254. Liauw, S. L., Connell, P. P., Weichselbaum, R. R. (2013). New paradigms and future challenges in radiation oncology: an update of biological targets and technology. Science translational medicine, 5(173), 173sr2-173sr2. Marks, L. B., Adams, R. D., Pawlicki, T., Blumberg, A. L., Hoopes, D., Brundage, M. D., Fraass, B. A. (2013). Enhancing the role of case-oriented peer review to improve quality and safety in radiation oncology: Executive summary. Practical radiation oncology, 3(3), 149-156. Marks, L. B., Jackson, M., Xie, L., Chang, S. X., Burkhardt, K. D., Mazur, L., ... Adams, R. D. (2011). The challenge of maximizing safety in radiation oncology. Practical radiation oncology, 1(1), 2-14. Marshall, D., Tringale, K., Connor, M., Punglia, R., Recht, A., Hattangadi-Gluth, J. (2017). Nature of Medical Malpractice Claims Against Radiation Oncologists.International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics,98(1), 21-30. Mund, C., Lyko, F. (2010). Epigenetic cancer therapy: Proof of concept and remaining challenges. Bioessays, 32(11), 949-957. Paulson, E. S., Erickson, B., Schultz, C., Allen Li, X. (2015). Comprehensive MRI simulation methodology using a dedicated MRI scanner in radiation oncology for external beam radiation treatment planning.Medical physics,42(1), 28-39. Payne, H., Adamson, A., Bahl, A., Borwell, J., Dodds, D., Heath, C., ... Thompson, A. (2013). Chemical?and radiation?induced haemorrhagic cystitis: current treatments and challenges. BJU international, 112(7), 885-897. SC, I. F. (2012). Advanced practice in radiography and radiation therapy: report from the inter-professional advisory team. Sim, J., Radloff, A. (2009). Profession and professionalisation in medical radiation science as an emergent profession. Radiography, 15(3), 203-208. Smith, S. K., Zhu, Y., Dhillon, H. M., Milross, C. G., Taylor, J., Halkett, G., Zilliacus, E. (2013). Supporting patients with low health literacy: what role do radiation therapists play?.Supportive Care in Cancer,21(11), 3051-3061. Solberg, T. D., Balter, J. M., Benedict, S. H., Fraass, B. A., Kavanagh, B., Miyamoto, C., ... Yamada, Y. (2012). Quality and safety considerations in stereotactic radiosurgery and stereotactic body radiation therapy: Executive summary. Practical radiation oncology, 2(1), 2-9. Washington, C. M., Leaver, D. T. (2015).Principles and Practice of Radiation Therapy-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. Zaidi, H., El Naqa, I. (2010). PET-guided delineation of radiation therapy treatment volumes: a survey of image segmentation techniques. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, 37(11), 2165-2187. Zietman, A. (2014). Bringing radiation therapy to underserved nations: an increasingly global responsibility in an ever-shrinking world.International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics,89(3), 440-442.

Writing a Good Essay Sample

Writing a Good Essay SampleIf you are looking for a wordiest essay sample for your class, then this article can give you a clue as to what to look for. This article will discuss some of the things you should look for in a wordiest essay sample. If you don't know what kind of an essay to write, or have questions about writing essays, then this article will help you.While writing an essay, you must be able to put together a sentence that connects the true meaning of the topic. That is the key to composing a good essay. The words that are included in your essay should be descriptive. They should include the essential elements of your topic without being too lengthy. Many people think that because they're writing a short essay, that they need to create long and involved sentences.A well-written essay is a series of paragraphs, and the more paragraphs you put together, the more successful your essay will be. The more you add to the sentence, the better the flow of your essay. An essay is not written in a rush.For starters, write short sentences that provide a very short explanation of the points you want to make. Don't worry about adding too much information, just enough to help your reader understand the topic. Don't use hyperbole to shock your reader into action, just tell them what they need to know without delving into long descriptive paragraphs.Remember that the correct length of your sentence does not necessarily tell you how many words you should include. It's the proper number of words that provides your reader with the information he or she needs to make an educated decision. Keep in mind that the average person doesn't need a four-paragraph essay, so don't try to cram too much information into a single paragraph.Start with a few paragraphs that go into detail about the topic, then move into a few short paragraphs that give a brief summary of the points you want to make. As you work your way through the essay, focus on the main points. Keep the topics orga nized, and never forget to change topics within the essay. Be sure to present your argument in both an interesting and informative manner.A good words essay sample requires a lot of research. This is one reason why you should go over the essay before submitting it. Before submitting, make sure you have proofread the document thoroughly, and include all necessary additions. You should also consider getting a copy of the essay for yourself to examine.

critical lens essay Essays - Anne Frank, Diaries, Dutch Literature

According to the critic Yann Martel ?You most take life the way it is and make the best of it? .This idea is clearly evident as illustrated in the Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian by Ellen Forney. And also in the book of Diary of Anne Frank. In Ellen Forney?s book there was in Indian boy named Junior hi behavior illustrates the truth of the critic statement. Junior struggle allot with his family problem and even though people was treating him very bad he still try to make the best of it. And also in the book of Diary of Anne Frank .Anne and her family was scared of getting killed so they had to go in hiding even when they was in hiding and also they was scared Anne always try to have fun and act like everything was good .And always think positive. It shows that even if Junior is not happy about his life he always tries to make the best out of it. Also just because Anne is not happy about his life doesn?t mean that she can?t try to be happy. The absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time India and also Anne Frank show the truth the idea that you most take life the way it is and make the best out of it. This statement is totally true because the two books that I mention in the previous paragraph show it.

Step into the GLM Time Machine

Step into the GLM Time Machine Step into the GLM Time Machine Step into the GLM Time Machine By Maeve Maddox The Global Language Monitor (GLM) is an Austin, Texas-based entity that  documents, analyzes and tracks trends in language and publishes a list of the years most used English words, names, and phrases. According to GLMs algorithm, 2009s most used word, both online and in print, is Twitter. GLM’s top ten for 2009: Twitter Obama H1N1 stimulus vampire 2.0 (as a suffix attached to the next generation of everything. Ex. Web2.0) deficit Hadron healthcare transparency A look at the Words of the Year for 2000-2008 recalls the prominent events and personalities of those years: 2000 chad 2001 GroundZero 2002 misunderestimate 2003 embedded 2004 incivility 2005 refugee 2006 sustainable 2007 hybrid 2008 change Taking the decade as a whole, here are the top ten words with GLC comments: 1. Global Warming (2000) Rated highly from Day One of the decade 2. 9/11 (2001) Another inauspicious start to the decade 3. Obama- (2008 )The US President’s name as a ‘root’ word or ‘word stem’ 4. Bailout (2008) The Bank Bailout was but Act One of the crisis 5. Evacuee/refugee (2005) After Katrina, refugees became evacuees 6. Derivative (2007) Financial instrument or analytical tool that engendered the Meltdown 7. Google (2007) Founders misspelled actual word ‘googol’ Surge (2007) The strategy that effectively ended the Iraq War 9. Chinglish (2005) The Chinese-English Hybrid language growing larger as Chinese influence expands [There are an estimated 300 to 500 million users and/or learners of English in the Peoples Republic of China.] 10. Tsunami (2004) Southeast Asian Tsunami took 250,000 lives To see the top phrases and names for 2009 and the first decade of the 21st century, explore the Global Language Monitor site. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Words with More Than One Spelling50 Types of PropagandaWords That Begin with Q