Challenges Faced by the Radiation Therapist-myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theChallenges Faced by the Radiation Therapist. Answer: Introduction: One of the greatest revolutions to the health care industry had been introduction of the radiation therapy into the treatment procedures. In simple terms, the medical radiation can be defined as the use of the radiation technology to perform complicated digital imaging on the patients to obtain better understanding of the abnormalities that the patients are facing. This particular treatment innovation uses radiations like x rays, g rays, and many more for the digital imaging of the patient body. Other than that this technology is also used for the purpose of providing radiation treatment to the patients that are suffering from cancer (Sim Radloff, 2009). Hence, the importance of radiation in the medical sciences and the clinical practice settings are diverse, hence the profession of radiation therapist is also extremely popular, and that is the reason why more and more students opt for a career in the radiation therapy. However there are a number of different challenges that are a part of a career as radiation therapists which continues to influence the professional development and experience of the radiation therapist (Solberg et al., 2012). This section of the assignment will explore the challenges that the radiation therapists face in their professional practice and provide a set of recommendations to overcome these challenges. Challenges faced by the radiation therapists: One of the greatest challenges that the radiation therapists encounter in their professional career is the low self esteem they associate with their profession. The contributing factor behind this challenge in the profession of radiation science is due to the fact that the concept of medical radiation science is still very novel to the world, and very few have the understanding to recognise the importance of medical radiation professionals. According to the Sim Radloff, 2009, the emerging group of aspiring medical radiation professionals continue to struggle to find their niche with a recognized and appreciated profession, in comparison to a career in mainstream medical science or physiotherapy. It has to be understood that this professional domain has still not been discovered in a manner that will facilitate radiation therapy as an honourable and suitable profession (Sim Radloff, 2009). Along with that, the social outlook of the very subject imparts a significant effect on the re ception of this occupation as a career choice. According to the SC, 2012, a very significant part of the society overestimate the dangers associated with radiation therapy and a vast majority of the society lack adequate knowledge of radiation therapy and how it is administered. It contributes largely to the lack of recognition and appreciation that the medical radiation therapists are subjected to. As a result, the radiation therapists face extreme lack of enthusiasm and connection to their profession and do not exhibit desire to improve their professional competencies (SC, 2012). Many of the research scientists have recognised one of the major reasons behind the lack of optimal professional approach in any occupation due to the professional apathy that they suffer with. According to authors, the low public profile of the particular profession contributes largely to the widespread apathy in medical radiation sciences as a profession that in turn contributes to aggravate the low self esteem of radiation therapists. As a result the radiation therapists rarely want to move out of their comfort zone while in clinical practice and it in turns limits their scope of professional development and disrupts the optimal care provided to the patients (Marks et al., 2013). According to the study of Washington Leaver, (2015) the radiation therapist needs to focus on the psychosocial needs of the patients dealing with the chronic illness. In this aspect may professionals have been found to fail in delivering the psychosocial care. There is a greater focus laid on the technical part of the job. There is poor assessment or monitoring of the patients psychological needs or provision of the support to the patients and their families especially those with low health literacy (Smith et al., 2013). In some cases its leads to failure in establishing therapeutic relationships with the patients. The factor that causes this challenge is the lack of training and development facilities for the radiotherapy professionals. Several hospitals and clinics in the remote or rural areas do not give the professionals the opportunity for transition into administration, education and industry. Chite et al. (2015), argued that radiation therapist may be warm and compassionate b ut addressing the patients queries and responding to the unusual reactions of the patients during treatment is the skill. This requires the therapist to seek training and education programs to address the psychological needs of patients. Job burnout is the other major challenge faced by the radiotherapist when providing the health care to the cancer patients. This profession requires pairing of therapists in the treatment room. It may lead to stress and confusion, when the both therapists are not in same page in regards to use of specific treatment methods. Lack of effective communication among the team members further hampers care process (Diggens Chesson, 2014). The treatment in many cases is effected when the radiation beam is not accurately focusedon the specific part of the patients body. Some types of treatments are indeed a challenge, as they require infinite practice. This leads to job burnout among the radiation therapists and prevents professional growth (Paulson et al., 2015). In similar paper by Zietman (2014) it was highlighted that stress among the radiation therapy professionals depend on the patient load, work place and the management. How well the department work as a team determines the care delivered by the professional. This negatively affects the professionals and the practice. There is also lack of culture of safety in many health organisations. Health care provision in a workplace environment that lacks trust among the department members, lack of review or tracking of the event and lack of standard operating procedure are other factors that negatively impacts the profession. On the other hand, proper definition of the roles and responsibilities leads to effective care and it positively affects the profession. Ability to establish the patient centred care helps to build the therapeutic relationship with the clients. It positively impacts the profession as it increases the self-esteem and morale of the professionals. Good quality control audits a nd regulations lead to positive clinical health outcomes. The study by Marshall et al. (2017) mentioned that physical and emotional wear faced by the therapists causes further challenges. For example, positioning of the equipments and lifting of the patients during the care provision causes leg or back injuries. The part of the profession includes exposure to the radiation inspire of the safety measures. This may significantly harm the professionals health. Any harm caused to patient leads to lawsuits and negative repercussions on the career of the professionals Recommendations: It has to be understood, that radiation sciences have become an integral part of the clinical practice, and without the assistance of the radiation technology, the revolutionary innovations in the health care industry will remain incomplete. The patients will cease from obtaining the benefits of the radiation therapy integrated into the treatment procedures. However, the challenges prevalent in the radiation therapy as a profession, continues to hinder the progress of this division within the medical sciences. However a course of strategic steps taken to improve the situation of radiation science in the health care industry can overcome the challenges that complicate the career path for a radiation therapist (Liauw, Connell Weichselbaum, 2013). First and foremost, there is an absolute need for recognition in the health care industry and for the radiation therapy as a profession. Unlike the doctors and nurses, the career profile for the radiation therapists are not as recognised, and the very first strategic recommendation should be centred on improving the career profile of the medical radiation therapists (Marks et al., 2011). The second strategy should focus on expansion of the job role that medical radiation therapists are assigned. It has to be understood that an essential element of professional growth in any occupation is associated with scope for the job roles to be extended. Hence, many authors suggest CPD participation and job role expansion can prove to be exceptional strategic action to improve the professional loyal and wellbeing of the radiation therapists (Zaidi El Naqa, 2010). Another very important strategy that the present scenario under consideration can employ is skill enhancement and professional knowledge expansion. A most important aspect of continuous career growth is the consistent skill and knowledge development which will allow the radiation therapists to understand their job roles better and connect with the patients better. A very important aspect in any profession is the ability to meet the job requirements, and with continuous skill development the radiation therapists will be able to perform better psychological assessment of the patients and improve professional competence as well (Payne et al., 2013). In order to decrease the burnout experienced by the radiation therapists, the most plausible strategy would be to increase the staffing ratio, as excessive workload often results in decreased professionalism and competencies. Along with that a supportive and compassionate workplace culture can also help in minimizing the impact of excessive burnout on the radiation therapists (Mund Lyko, 2010). The last but most influential strategy in this context is incorporating mutual respect and communication in the team environment. It has to be understood that the health care system in the present day performs as a multidisciplinary team, and each and every member of the team should be respected and communicated with equally. Incorporating mutual respect and communication in the team environment will boost self confidence and sense of value in the radiation therapists which will help them propel towards professional growth as well (Payne et al., 2013). Conclusion: On a concluding note, it can be concluded that despite the revolutionary technological advancements in the health care industry, there still are a number of deep rooted challenges that complicate the career path for the more contemporary professional entities. The radiation science is not an exception to this scenario as well. There are a huge number of challenges that are associated with practice in the clinical setting as a radiation therapists, and that is a major contributing factor in the extreme staffing demands in the health care facilities. A large proportion of radiation therapists abandon their careers halfway not being able to overcome the challenges and hurdles that are prevalent in the health care industry for a radiation therapist. However, with strategic actions these challenges can be overcome and the career path for radiation therapists can be improved drastically. References: Chite Asirwa, F., Greist, A., Busakhala, N., Rosen, B., Loehrer Sr, P. J. (2015). Medical education and training: Building in-country capacity at all levels.Journal of Clinical Oncology,34(1), 36-42. Diggens, J., Chesson, T. (2014). Do factors of emotion-focussed patient care and communication impact job stress, satisfaction and burnout in radiation therapists?.Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice,13(1), 4-17. Guerra, J. L. L., Isa, N., Kim, M. M., Bourgier, C., Marsiglia, H. (2012). New perspectives in radiation oncology: young radiation oncologist point of view and challenges. Reports of Practical Oncology Radiotherapy, 17(5), 251-254. Liauw, S. L., Connell, P. P., Weichselbaum, R. R. (2013). New paradigms and future challenges in radiation oncology: an update of biological targets and technology. Science translational medicine, 5(173), 173sr2-173sr2. Marks, L. B., Adams, R. D., Pawlicki, T., Blumberg, A. L., Hoopes, D., Brundage, M. D., Fraass, B. A. (2013). Enhancing the role of case-oriented peer review to improve quality and safety in radiation oncology: Executive summary. Practical radiation oncology, 3(3), 149-156. Marks, L. B., Jackson, M., Xie, L., Chang, S. X., Burkhardt, K. D., Mazur, L., ... Adams, R. D. (2011). The challenge of maximizing safety in radiation oncology. Practical radiation oncology, 1(1), 2-14. Marshall, D., Tringale, K., Connor, M., Punglia, R., Recht, A., Hattangadi-Gluth, J. (2017). Nature of Medical Malpractice Claims Against Radiation Oncologists.International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics,98(1), 21-30. Mund, C., Lyko, F. (2010). Epigenetic cancer therapy: Proof of concept and remaining challenges. Bioessays, 32(11), 949-957. Paulson, E. S., Erickson, B., Schultz, C., Allen Li, X. (2015). Comprehensive MRI simulation methodology using a dedicated MRI scanner in radiation oncology for external beam radiation treatment planning.Medical physics,42(1), 28-39. Payne, H., Adamson, A., Bahl, A., Borwell, J., Dodds, D., Heath, C., ... Thompson, A. (2013). Chemical?and radiation?induced haemorrhagic cystitis: current treatments and challenges. BJU international, 112(7), 885-897. SC, I. F. (2012). Advanced practice in radiography and radiation therapy: report from the inter-professional advisory team. Sim, J., Radloff, A. (2009). Profession and professionalisation in medical radiation science as an emergent profession. Radiography, 15(3), 203-208. Smith, S. K., Zhu, Y., Dhillon, H. M., Milross, C. G., Taylor, J., Halkett, G., Zilliacus, E. (2013). Supporting patients with low health literacy: what role do radiation therapists play?.Supportive Care in Cancer,21(11), 3051-3061. Solberg, T. D., Balter, J. M., Benedict, S. H., Fraass, B. A., Kavanagh, B., Miyamoto, C., ... Yamada, Y. (2012). Quality and safety considerations in stereotactic radiosurgery and stereotactic body radiation therapy: Executive summary. Practical radiation oncology, 2(1), 2-9. Washington, C. M., Leaver, D. T. (2015).Principles and Practice of Radiation Therapy-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. Zaidi, H., El Naqa, I. (2010). PET-guided delineation of radiation therapy treatment volumes: a survey of image segmentation techniques. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, 37(11), 2165-2187. Zietman, A. (2014). Bringing radiation therapy to underserved nations: an increasingly global responsibility in an ever-shrinking world.International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics,89(3), 440-442.

Writing a Good Essay Sample

Writing a Good Essay SampleIf you are looking for a wordiest essay sample for your class, then this article can give you a clue as to what to look for. This article will discuss some of the things you should look for in a wordiest essay sample. If you don't know what kind of an essay to write, or have questions about writing essays, then this article will help you.While writing an essay, you must be able to put together a sentence that connects the true meaning of the topic. That is the key to composing a good essay. The words that are included in your essay should be descriptive. They should include the essential elements of your topic without being too lengthy. Many people think that because they're writing a short essay, that they need to create long and involved sentences.A well-written essay is a series of paragraphs, and the more paragraphs you put together, the more successful your essay will be. The more you add to the sentence, the better the flow of your essay. An essay is not written in a rush.For starters, write short sentences that provide a very short explanation of the points you want to make. Don't worry about adding too much information, just enough to help your reader understand the topic. Don't use hyperbole to shock your reader into action, just tell them what they need to know without delving into long descriptive paragraphs.Remember that the correct length of your sentence does not necessarily tell you how many words you should include. It's the proper number of words that provides your reader with the information he or she needs to make an educated decision. Keep in mind that the average person doesn't need a four-paragraph essay, so don't try to cram too much information into a single paragraph.Start with a few paragraphs that go into detail about the topic, then move into a few short paragraphs that give a brief summary of the points you want to make. As you work your way through the essay, focus on the main points. Keep the topics orga nized, and never forget to change topics within the essay. Be sure to present your argument in both an interesting and informative manner.A good words essay sample requires a lot of research. This is one reason why you should go over the essay before submitting it. Before submitting, make sure you have proofread the document thoroughly, and include all necessary additions. You should also consider getting a copy of the essay for yourself to examine.

critical lens essay Essays - Anne Frank, Diaries, Dutch Literature

According to the critic Yann Martel ?You most take life the way it is and make the best of it? .This idea is clearly evident as illustrated in the Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian by Ellen Forney. And also in the book of Diary of Anne Frank. In Ellen Forney?s book there was in Indian boy named Junior hi behavior illustrates the truth of the critic statement. Junior struggle allot with his family problem and even though people was treating him very bad he still try to make the best of it. And also in the book of Diary of Anne Frank .Anne and her family was scared of getting killed so they had to go in hiding even when they was in hiding and also they was scared Anne always try to have fun and act like everything was good .And always think positive. It shows that even if Junior is not happy about his life he always tries to make the best out of it. Also just because Anne is not happy about his life doesn?t mean that she can?t try to be happy. The absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time India and also Anne Frank show the truth the idea that you most take life the way it is and make the best out of it. This statement is totally true because the two books that I mention in the previous paragraph show it.

Step into the GLM Time Machine

Step into the GLM Time Machine Step into the GLM Time Machine Step into the GLM Time Machine By Maeve Maddox The Global Language Monitor (GLM) is an Austin, Texas-based entity that  documents, analyzes and tracks trends in language and publishes a list of the years most used English words, names, and phrases. According to GLMs algorithm, 2009s most used word, both online and in print, is Twitter. GLM’s top ten for 2009: Twitter Obama H1N1 stimulus vampire 2.0 (as a suffix attached to the next generation of everything. Ex. Web2.0) deficit Hadron healthcare transparency A look at the Words of the Year for 2000-2008 recalls the prominent events and personalities of those years: 2000 chad 2001 GroundZero 2002 misunderestimate 2003 embedded 2004 incivility 2005 refugee 2006 sustainable 2007 hybrid 2008 change Taking the decade as a whole, here are the top ten words with GLC comments: 1. Global Warming (2000) Rated highly from Day One of the decade 2. 9/11 (2001) Another inauspicious start to the decade 3. Obama- (2008 )The US President’s name as a ‘root’ word or ‘word stem’ 4. Bailout (2008) The Bank Bailout was but Act One of the crisis 5. Evacuee/refugee (2005) After Katrina, refugees became evacuees 6. Derivative (2007) Financial instrument or analytical tool that engendered the Meltdown 7. Google (2007) Founders misspelled actual word ‘googol’ Surge (2007) The strategy that effectively ended the Iraq War 9. Chinglish (2005) The Chinese-English Hybrid language growing larger as Chinese influence expands [There are an estimated 300 to 500 million users and/or learners of English in the Peoples Republic of China.] 10. Tsunami (2004) Southeast Asian Tsunami took 250,000 lives To see the top phrases and names for 2009 and the first decade of the 21st century, explore the Global Language Monitor site. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Words with More Than One Spelling50 Types of PropagandaWords That Begin with Q

Watch video, answer question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Watch video, answer question - Essay Example Once humans possessed the fertile places, they opted to settle at the expense of nomadic life. According to Guilaine, the hunter-gatherers had to fight to defend the territories that had plenty of fish, animals, and plants (Treetrunks). The defending of the territory depicted signs of sedentary life. Competition for the best territories sparked fights. Similarly, Bar-Yosef points out the restriction of movement, especially in Asia prompted humans to adopt a sedentary life. The Fertile Crescent influenced humans to adopt a sedentary life because of its fertility. Notably, the strip was fertile and barley, as well as, wheat grew naturally (Treetrunks). The nomadic hunter-gatherers realized the place offered a permanent settlement, and thus decided to settle. Evidently, the presence of the stonewalled huts indicated that people had opted to live in the Fertile Crescent and start domesticating crops and animals. Hence, the strip was habitable, and supported the construction of permanent residences. Villages started to grow, and humans adopted sedentary life. The first villages comprised of the hunter-gatherers who had advanced skills. Guilaine argues that people living in the first villages demonstrated a shift in thinking and spirited desire to embrace change (Treetrunks). In effect, the high intellectual capacities compelled the people to change their way of life. The villages are important because historians contend that they were the hubs of agriculture after the discovery of seeds. Agriculture promoted sedentary life, and the villages planted barley and wheat as sources of food. Bar-Yosef argues that the villagers exploited the wheat and barley and developed techniques for making bread (Treetrunks). Hence, the first villages were significant in promoting the domestication of

Is gambling a moral issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Is gambling a moral issue - Essay Example Although some of these arguments may be correct, gambling is more of a moral issue because it results in people’s suffering while others thrive. According to Fitzgerald there is no point in considering gambling and casinos as an economically viable industry. No doubt it adds to the pocket of a few and also contributes to the governments revenue box, yet considering the social maladies casinos and gambling are responsible for; it is more of a curse than blessing. Furthermore a healthy society can thrive amidst healthy individuals. Here health does not only refer to physical health but also the psychological one. Gambling results in erratic behavior through a complex neurochemical reaction that is far from being healthy and therefore according to Fitzgerald should be abstained from. Last but not the least the writer has also criticized gambling and casinos for spreading pollution and congestion in weekends through the rush of gamblers in peaceful localities where casinos are loc ated. Fitzgerald states at first that gambling although illegal in the state of California, in recent time permission has been extended to some Indian tribes. Might be placed in a light note but according to him since from historical times the Indians have been exploited by the other Americans the state now want to compensate them by conferring right of exploiting the others. United States of America as a uniform country must follow the same law for all and the logic that the writer has presented in legalizing gambling is no short of disgracing the goodwill of the government and the equality doctrine of the constitution. Without any grain of doubt the writer is against legalizing gambling but his arguments against such legalization are all driven on materialistic grounds. Fitzgerald has referred that gambling can never be considered as an economic boost owing to the $2 net loss it imposes on the government for each dollar earned as revenue. Another economic argument placed by the wr iter is the doubling of bankruptcy rate in countries with casinos in compare to those without them. The writer carefully states statistics to act as a psychologist while judging the compulsion of a gambler to spend more than he can afford. The statistics according to Fitzgerald in favor of such compulsion is quite high at 43%. Apart from economic and psychological reasons another aspect that Fitzgerald has referred to is the environmental aspect of gambling or casinos. The economic aspect that Fitzgerald has cited against gambling holds quite a ground. However quantifying the qualitative variables and indicators often stirs much debate. Owing to this fact it is hard to tell that whether the exact number that the writer has cited as a burden on revenue owing to gambling is appropriate. Another study amidst a different surrounding might have yielded a different result. Furthermore the modern day economics is a social science and much more beyond monetary value exists in a society that economic consideration must take into account. The psychological cost that gambling imposes on an individual in terms of erratic behavior and addiction might well receive a counter attack from those who support gambling and considers it as a means to joy. Gambling is based upon probability and neither the cost of loosing nor the profit from winning is assured. A

Diversity of Fungal Endophytes in Cymbopogon Caesius

Diversity of Fungal Endophytes in Cymbopogon Caesius Diversity of Fungal Endophytes in Cymbopogon caesius (Hook. Arn.) Stapf. of Kemmannugundi Regions of Karnataka, India Avinash K.S. and Y.L. Krishnamurthy* Abstract: Cymbopogon grass produces many bioactive compounds and used for many medicinal purposes. In this study healthy leaf, stem and root segments were cultured on media like Potato dextrose agar and Malt extract agar medium and pure cultured. Endophytic fungi were isolated from 1200 samples of Cymbopogon caesius grass collected from Kemmannugundi regions of Karnataka. Overall 56% of colonisation rate from surface sterilised tissues were recorded. About 30 different fungal species were isolated and 12 were identified and 18 were grouped as morph taxa. Less isolates were recovered from leaf segments and more isolates were recovered from root segments. Curvularia sp. and Fusarium sp. were frequently isolated endophytes with the high colonisation rate. Key Words: Endophytes, Cymbopogon caesius, Grass, Curvularia, Fusarium. 1. Introduction Endophytes are microorganisms which live inside the host without causing any negative effect by their presence. The plant and endophytic fungi show symbiotic association. Plant protects and feeds the endophyte which in return produces bioactive secondary metabolites to enhance the growth and competitiveness of the host in nature (Carrol, 1988 and Hong Lu et al., 2000). Endophytes are widely investigated for their bioactive metabolites and have proven to produce potential compounds which are applicable in medicine (Clovis and Ewald, 2012). The compounds usually isolated from medicinal plants may not be plant metabolites they may be from fungal endophytes which reside in the host plant. Endophytes of tropical plants are among the groups of fungi that have been studied to arrive at the predicted figure of 1.5 million (Hawksworth, 1991; Subramanian et al 2003) Cymbopogon species are traditional medicinal grasses well recognised for its aromatic oil. Cymbopogon caesius grass was wide spread in areas of Kemmannugundi of Chikmagalur Dist, Karnataka. Despite the wide distribution of Cymbopogon grass along the central Western Ghats of Karnataka only limited work has been done for their association with fungal endophytes. Even though the oil extracted from the grass has been used in medicine currently there is no enough information regarding the diversity of the fungal endophytes with the species. We have selected Cymbopogon caesius (Hook. Arn.) Stapf for the study of diversity of the fungal endophytes. Fungi were isolated from leaves, stem and root followed by the surface sterilisation process. The objectives of the study were to isolate and identify the fungal endophytes from different parts of Cymbopogon caeceous grass of Kemmannugundi regions of Karnataka. 2. Meterials and Methods 2.1 Sampling: C. caeseus (root, stem and leaf samples) was collected from Kemmannugundi (13 º2826 N 75 º4450 E 4275ft) Chikmagalur District. Roots were collected with a ball of soil so that to avoid damage to the roots. Twenty healthy looking culms of grass were collected and transported in a clean polythene bag in closed condition and processed within 24 hour of collection. 2.2 Isolation of fungi The collected samples were washed thoroughly by running tap water to clean soil from roots and were cut into small pieces. The cut segments were surface sterilised using 70% ethanol followed by immersion in 3% Sodium hypochlorite for 4 minutes and again washed twice with distilled water (Maheshwari and Rajagopal, 2013). The efficacy of the surface sterilisation was confirmed by pressing the sterilised segments onto the surface of the medium, the surface sterilised small pieces were cut into .03-.05cm segments (Chuyang et al., 2001). Four hundred segments were inoculated into potato dextrose agar medium which is supplemented with 100mg of Amoxillin to inhibit the growth of bacteria. The inoculated petri plates were wrapped with petriseal and incubated at 27  ±1 degree centigrade. The plates were observed daily after 3 days of inoculation up to one month the emerged fungal endophytes were transferred to new petri plates containing PDA Medium. 2.3 Identification of Endophytic fungi For the identification of endophytic fungi, slides were prepared from pure cultures and were stained with Lacto phenol cotton blue stain and observed under Karl Zeiss Primo star microscope. Morphological Characteristics such as growth pattern colour of colony, mycelium texture, spore production type and characters of the spore (Barnet Hunter, Ellis, Subramanian). 3. Statistical analysis The colonisation rate (CR) was determined by total number of segments yielding endophytes divided by the total number of segments inoculated (Petrini et al., 1982). Number of segments yielding endophytes Total number of segments inoculated 4. Results A total of 959 isolates of endophytes were recovered out of 1200 segments inoculated. Total 400 segments each of root, stem and leaf segments were inoculated for the isolation of endophytes. Most frequently found endophytes were Fusarium oxysporum (11.46%), Aspergillus clavatus (8.7%), and Curvularia spp. (7.78%) (Table 1). Table 1: Colonisation Frequency of fungal endophytes of C. caesius. Sl. No. Endophyte Name Colonisation frequency (%) Root Stem Leaf Total Alternaria alternata 4.1 1.09 1.73 Aspergillus clavatus 15.3 6.0 4.8 8.7 Bipolaris Sp. 2.00 0.66 Cephalosporium sp. 0.8 1.9 0.9 Cladosporium sp. 0.6 0.2 0.26 Curvularia andropogonis 16.0 5.2 1.7 7.63 Curvularia lunata 12.2 7.9 3.7 7.93 Fusarium oxysporum 16.1 11.9 6.4 11.46 Hansfordia ovalispora 0.9 0.3 Oidiodendron sp. 1.6 0.9 0.83 Trichoderma sp. 0.4 1.3 0.56 Wardomyces anomala 0.6 0.2 Unidentified Morphotypes 16.4 14.3 14.6 15.1 Table 2: Infection frequency and isolation rate of fungal endophytes of C. caesius. C. caesius plant tissues Leaves Stem Root Total Number of Samples 400 400 400 1200 Number of isolates recovered 126 198 348 672 Colonisation rate 31.5% 49.5% 87% 56% Number of Morph taxa 4 5 9 18 More isolates of endophytes (87%) were recovered from the root segments of the Cymbopogon grass compared to stem (49.49%) and leaf segments (56%). 18 unidentified fungi were numbered and stored as morph taxa. 5. Discussion The Cymbopogon grass is the very popular for its aromatic oil. The purpose of the study was to document endophytic diversity of Cymbopogon grass of the study area which was widely distributed in the area. The endophytic fungi were cultivated on artificial medium (PDA) as pure culture. Some of the fungi exhibited characteristic colony characters and microscopic characters which were helpful in identifying them whereas some of the fungus was produced good mycelia but did not show any sporulation were kept as morph types. All the isolated endophytes belonging to 11 different genera. The endophytes were more resided in root. The endophytes may not show any host specificity as they were recovered from different groups of plants (Petrini 1986). In the present investigation leaves, stems and roots of C. caesius were used for isolation of endophytic fungi. The fungal colonisation was higher in roots as compare to stem and leaves. Higher colonisation of endophytes in leaf and stem tissues, as compared to roots, was reported by Siegel and Latch (1991) and Clay and Schardle (2002) Ajay et al (2012) in grasses and in the study of medicinal plant species leaves colonised greater number of endophytes compared to stem and bark (Raviraja 2005). About 11 genera of fungal species were isolated which indicates the various fungal populations in the grass. The variation in the colonisation rate depends on the host habitat, Soil environment (Shankar Naik et al, 2014). In the study the CR is varied in different parts of the plant. The more number of fungal endophytes isolated from root which similar to the results of Sita et, al., 2011 where thy obtained almost three times more endophytes in roots compared to shoot tissues. Fungi have been widely investigated as a source of bioactive compounds. An excellent example of this is the anticancer drug, taxol, which had been previously supposed to occur only in the plants (Strobel Daisy, 2003) in this aspect present study is very relevant to explore more useful fungal endophytes. 6. Acknowledgement The authors are gratefully thankful to Kuvempu University Shankaraghatta Shimoga for constant support throughout the study and Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India, New Delhi for Financial assistance. 7. References [1] Chunying Zhang, Lijuan Yin, Silan Dai, Diversity of root-associated fungal endophytes in Rhododendron fortune in subtropical forests of China, Mycorrhiza. 19(2009) 417-423. [2] Carroll, G. C, Fungal endophytes in stems and leaves: From latent pathogen to mutualistic symbiont, Ecology. 692 (1988) -9. [3] Hawksworth,D. L, The fungal dimension of biodiversity :magnitude, significance, and conservation, Mycol. Res. 95(1991) 641-655. [4] Petrini, 0. Stone, j. Carroll, F. 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